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A STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES AND THE WESTERN REGIONS是同作者《两汉魏晋南北朝与西域关系史研究》一书的英文版，为作者研究两汉时期中西交通史的经典专著。

本书分为上下两篇，上篇重新讨论了魏晋南北朝各代同西域关系的研究，将经过检验的成果组织成一个比较完整的体系。下篇就若干重要而又必须进一步推敲的专题，如张骞西使、甘英西使、通西域路线戊己校尉、李柏文书，以及吐鲁番文书有关年号等，进行了研究；也都是从前人的研究成果出发，得出与前人不同的结论。

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

PART Ⅰ ...... 5

CHAPTER 1 The Western Han Dynasty and the Western Regions ...... 7

CHAPTER 2 The Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Regions ...... 117

CHAPTER 3 The Cao-Wei, Western Jin Dynasties and the Western Regions ...... 175

CHAPTER 4 The Former Liang Dynasty and the Western Regions ...... 199

CHAPTER 5 The Former Qin, Later Liang Dynasties and the Western Regions ...... 214

CHAPTER 6 The Western Liang, Northern Liang Dynasties and the Western Regions ...... 231

CHAPTER 7 The Northern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou Dynasties and the Western Regions ...... 245

CHAPTER 8 The Liu-Song, Xiao-Qi, Xiao-Liang Dynasties and the Western Regions ...... 309

CHAPTER 9 The Sui Dynasty and the Western Regions ...... 323

PART Ⅱ ...... 343

CHAPTER 1 A New Theory about Zhang Qian’s Mission to the Western Regions ...... 345

CHAPTER 2 A Brief Study of Gan Ying’s Mission to the Western Regions ...... 360

CHAPTER 3 The Routes to the Western Regions and Changes from Han to Wei Times ...... 369

CHAPTER 4 On the Protector Generals of the Western Regions in Western Han and Eastern Han Times ...... 385

CHAPTER 5 On the Position of Colonel Wuji in Western Han and Eastern Han Times ...... 426

CHAPTER 6 On “Li Bo’s Documents” ...... 444

CHAPTER 7 On the Reign Titles of “Yuanhe” and “Jianping” Noted in the Unearthed Documents from Turfan ...... 453

CHAPTER 8 On Dong Wan and Gao Ming’s Mission to the Western Regions ...... 462

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 499

INDEX ...... 520

POSTSCRIPT ...... 533

余太山先生，是著名的中亚古史研究奠基性学者。毕业于中国社会科学院研究生院历史系，后于历史所任职，1993年起为研究员，曾任中外关系史研究室主任。专治古代中亚史、中外关系史。现为中国社会科学院荣誉学部委员。

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INTRODUCTION “The Western Regions” is a geographical concept as seen in the “official history books” of the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Cao-Wei 曹魏, Western Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern dynasties, which refers to a vast region to the west of the Yumen 玉門 and Yang 陽 Barriers under most circumstances, but sometimes refers to the Tarim Basin and its surrounding area. In other words, it had both a broad sense and a narrow sense. In this book, “the Western Regions” is used in the broad sense, but the focal point of the study is located in the region which is called Central Asia today, especially to the east of the Pamirs. This was determined by the actual relationship between the Western Regions and the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Cao-Wei 曹魏, Western Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern dynasties. The study of the history of the relationship between the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Wei 魏, Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern dynasties and the Western Regions is an important topic in the study of ancient Chinese history; its significance is self-evident. The task of this book is to ascertain the related historical facts as far as possible. The facts can be summarized as follows: The purpose of the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Cao-Wei 曹魏, Western Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern dynasties in managing the Western Regions can be summed up with the statement “it would be possible to extend [Han 漢] territory for 10,000 li 里. With [the help of] a series of interpreters, those whose customs were exotic could be brought to court, and imperial power and prestige could be exercised throughout the area within the Four Seas”. It is quite obvious that this purpose was mainly political. In contrast, the purpose of the various states of the Western Regions in contacting the Western Han 漢, Eastern Han 漢, Cao-Wei 曹魏, Western Jin 晉, and Northern and Southern dynasties was primarily economical, namely the “wish to exchange their goods and conduct trade”. Of course, they were also the interested in absorbing the advanced culture of the latter, namely they “admired and took pleasure in the Middle Kingdom”. In addition, the various states to the east of the Pamirs also sought protection from the depredations of the nomadic tribes beyond the Great Wall.

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事實上，正是由於經營西南夷通大夏未能成功，纔有元封年間的樓蘭、姑師之役和太初年間的大宛之役。

又，王莽因當時“匈奴諸邊並侵”而“欲得烏孫心”，似乎养新與烏孫的開係與武帝時代西漢與烏孫關係頗爲相似。然而王养採取的辦法竟是尊小昆彌而貶大昆彌，殊不知烏孫人心附小昆的原因之一，應是小昆彌爲“胡婦子”，得仗其母家之势。

陰末赴立後，也發生了殺害漢使事件；雖然陰末赴隨即遣使謝罪，但元帝卻“以絕域不錄”，决定“絕而不通”。這說明以陰末赴殺害漢使爲契機，西漢對西域政策發生了較大的變化，蓋所謂“絕域不錄”者，據同傳，不僅罽賓，還包括康居、大月氏、安息、烏弋山離等國。不言而喻，這與武帝以來的西域政策是大異其趣的。

要之，西域諸國人種、語言各異，經濟發展不平衡，生活生產方式也不盡相同，宗教、習俗差别又很大，再加上地形複雜交通不便，西漢要實行有效的控制，勢必依靠各國原來的統治者，即所謂“以夷制夷”。而授予各國王侯以下印綬，明確與中央政府的隸屬關係，旣符合所謂“普天之下，莫非王土，率土之濱，莫非王臣”的大一統觀念，又符合經營西域的總目的，也就成了必然採取的措施。

或以爲安帝初立，撤回都護，從此不復設此職，西域事務常由敦煌太守掌管，駐在西域的戊己校尉和西域長史均聽從敦煌太守的指揮。然而上引傳文明言張朗將河西郡兵“配勇”，似表明班勇作爲西域長史尚不受敦煌太守節制，張朗與班勇爭功也說明这一點。

班超爲都護，治龜茲國它乾城，是東漢認識到龜茲國的向背對西域經營具有不容忽視的意義，爲便於鎮撫該國而採取的措施。西漢時，都護得治烏壘城，居西域之中，與龜兹親漢不無關係。班超的前任陳睦被焉耆、龜茲所殺，其治所很可能在烏城。

编辑推荐

本丛书的研究范畴是公元前六世纪至公元六世纪的中亚史。

这一时段的中亚史有各种原始资料，其中汉语资料无疑是关键的。可以说，没有汉语资料，这一时段的中亚史无法构建。西方（包括印度、俄罗斯）学者研究这一时段的中亚史已有一个半世纪，成绩可圈可点。其主要缺点是没有充分利用汉语史料。弥补这一缺憾的是日本学者，从白鸟库吉算起，至少已有四代学者投身这一时段的中亚史研究，其主要特色正是利用汉语史料。可惜的是，日本学者很少英译自己的论著，西方学者又多不习日语，因而日本学者的有关成果罕见引用。余氏的研究不仅填补了中国中亚史研究的空白，而且比日本学者更充分地利用了汉文史料，且不说余氏以汉语为母语，对汉语史料的理解应胜过日本学者。

该文集的出版则有助于西方学者理解和运用汉语史料，使国内中亚史的研究深入世界，继而使得世界史意义上的古代中亚史研究更上层楼。

十本英文著作大部分已在国外发表。著者的译文均经Prof. Victor H. Mair（梅维恒）和Dr. Bruce Doar（陶步思）修改、编辑。两位都是优秀的学者——母语是英语、精通汉语、有丰富的编辑经验、熟悉古代中亚历史，主要的是负责的工作精神。十本英语论著发表时间跨度较大（1990—2017），又经过不同的英语编辑，原译文差异不小，这一次由著者本人历时2年，做了统一译文的工作。

书籍介绍

A STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES AND THE WESTERN REGIONS是同作者《两汉魏晋南北朝与西域关系史研究》一书的英文版，为作者研究两汉时期中西交通史的经典专著。

本书分为上下两篇，上篇重新讨论了魏晋南北朝各代同西域关系的研究，将经过检验的成果组织成一个比较完整的体系。下篇就若干重要而又必须进一步推敲的专题，如张骞西使、甘英西使、通西域路线戊己校尉、李柏文书，以及吐鲁番文书有关年号等，进行了研究；也都是从前人的研究成果出发，得出与前人不同的结论。