【中商原版】拼实业 美国是怎样赢得二战的 英文原版 豆瓣高分 Freedoms Forge Arthur Herman 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子书 mobi 在线

SELECTED BY THE ECONOMIST AS ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR

Remarkable as it may seem today, there once was a time when the president of the United States could pick up the phone and ask the president of General Motors to resign his position and take the reins of a great national enterprise. And the CEO would oblige, no questions asked, because it was his patriotic duty.

In Freedom’s Forge, bestselling author Arthur Herman takes us back to that time, revealing how two extraordinary American businessmen—automobile magnate William Knudsen and shipbuilder Henry J. Kaiser—helped corral, cajole, and inspire business leaders across the country to mobilize the “arsenal of democracy” that propelled the Allies to victory in World War II.

“Knudsen? I want to see you in Washington. I want you to work on some production matters.” With those words, President Franklin D. Roosevelt enlisted “Big Bill” Knudsen, a Danish immigrant who had risen through the ranks of the auto industry to become president of General Motors, to drop his plans for market domination and join the U.S. Army. Commissioned a lieutenant general, Knudsen assembled a crack team of industrial innovators, persuading them one by one to leave their lucrative private sector positions and join him in Washington, D.C. Dubbed the “dollar-a-year men,” these dedicated patriots quickly took charge of America’s moribund war production effort.

Henry J. Kaiser was a maverick California industrialist famed for his innovative business techniques and his can-do management style. He, too, joined the cause. His Liberty ships became World War II icons—and the Kaiser name became so admired that FDR briefly considered making him his vice president in 1944. Together, Knudsen and Kaiser created a wartime production behemoth. Drafting top talent from companies like Chrysler, Republic Steel, Boeing, Lockheed, GE, and Frigidaire, they turned auto plants into aircraft factories and civilian assembly lines into fountains of munitions, giving Americans fighting in Europe and Asia the tools they needed to defeat the Axis. In four short years they transformed America’s army from a hollow shell into a truly global force, laying the foundations for a new industrial America—and for the country’s rise as an economic as well as military superpower.

Featuring behind-the-scenes portraits of FDR, George Marshall, Henry Stimson, Harry Hopkins, Jimmy Doolittle, and Curtis LeMay, as well as scores of largely forgotten heroes and heroines of the wartime industrial effort, Freedom’s Forge is the American story writ large. It vividly re-creates American industry’s finest hour, when the nation’s business elites put aside their pursuit of profits and set about saving the world.

Praise for Freedom’s Forge

“A rambunctious book that is itself alive with the animal spirits of the marketplace.”— The Wall Street Journal

“A rarely told industrial saga, rich with particulars of the growing pains and eventual triumphs of American industry . . . Arthur Herman has set out to right an injustice: the loss, down history’s memory hole, of the epic achievements of American business in helping the United States and its allies win World War II.”— The New York Times Book Review

“Magnificent . . . It’s not often that a historian comes up with a fresh approach to an absolutely critical element of the Allied victory in World War II, but Pulitzer finalist Herman . . . has done just that.”— Kirkus Reviews (starred review)

From the Hardcover edition.

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“他的头脑里似乎有张整个美国制造业的全景图，还有管理所有公司的首脑的电话号码。”琼斯后来回忆道。克努森具有一整套从钢铁和飞机发动机到化学品和家具制造的知识，这些知识如同百科全书一样渊博。由此，他能够立即告诉琼斯，为了开始军需产品生产，哪些工厂“需要大规模扩建，哪些只需要进行少量的装备重整就可以做好准备”。在动员工作中，琼斯的主要任务应该是更有效地把重建金融公司的贷款发放给那些能迅速让自己的工厂投入战时使用的企业，对于这一工作，克努森是个关键的智慧源泉。

制造这些新型飞机、发动机和工作母机需要铝和钢，特别是钢。1929年，美国的钢厂年产量将近6300万吨。在大萧条和新政失败的岁月里，这一数字下降了一半以上。现在，1939年，美国的钢厂重新焕发了青春。艾德・斯特蒂纽斯可以径直走进美国钢铁公司的铸造厂，再次看到闪耀着光芒的熔融金属的细小溪流注入为钢锭准备的模具，而在其他工厂里，庞大的机器则吐出炽热的轧钢长薄板。

正是由于英国和法国的订单，美国的制造业板块在10年之后第一次表现出了喷薄的活力。工人们返回工厂工作；工人家庭聚集在一起，打开第一次收到的工资。匹兹堡的商店在橱窗里塞满了电冰箱和收音机，让周末聚集在街上的人群大饱眼福，发出喷啧惊叹之声。一家服装店的老板还记得，一位捷克矿工和他的妻子、女儿和两个儿子一起来到他的商店里。带着浓重的捷克口音，这位矿工说：“给我们一人来一套新衣服。”在过去 10 年间，这家人谁也没有见过一件新衬衣或者一双新鞋子。

然而，尽管美国做到了所有这一切，它却一直是第二次世界大战参战国中动员程度最低的国家。男性进入武装部队的百分比最小。与苏联或英国相比，更多的女性待在家里，而不是去工作，待在家里的女性超过60%。此外，1944年，在美国全部经济产出中，转为备战工作的只有47%多一点儿。而英国几乎为60%，德国和苏联的更多。与之相比，美国的比例最低，但在产量上超过他国总和，包括日本。

而且，虽然美国在战争期间对消费商品实行了限制和配给，但战时每年的出产量都大于1939年。1945年，与希特勒入侵法国之前相比，美国人吃了更多的肉，买了更多的鞋子和汽油，用了更多的电。正是由于美国的工商业，国家的经济活力オ足以让同时生产枪炮和黄油的梦想得以实现。

从1933年开始，国会通过了立法，对战争物资承包商从政府合同中盈利的数目做出了严格限制。在第一次世界大战期间，成本加成的合同是很普遍的，这意味着政府将为与制造一架飞机或一门大炮所需的所有费用买单，另外还得加上一笔固定费用或者成本的某个百分数，通常成本的8%是相当标准的比例。第一次世界大战后出现了反对“发战争财的奸商”的倾向，这让国会和财政部设立了严格的标准，限制公司可以在价值大于25000美元的合同上的盈利水平。他们甚至还要求进行事先审计，从而可92以在合同签字之前就把公司的获利比例控制在8%以内。

“政府切勿对一切大包大揽，”克努森告诉罗斯福，“要是我们在这项工作中能够争取到越多的人”——换言之，通过向人们提供好处而不是进行威胁——“我们就能让更多的人动脑筋想办法去实现这一计划，因此我们成功的希望也就越大。”

这是一个生产问题，但同样也是一个统计问题，而弄明白这个问题的是生产管理办公室的数字专家斯泰西・梅。那年夏天克努森放权给他，让他准备一份详细的研究，探讨美国工业界在军需物资方面正在制造些什么，又有潜在的能力制造些什么。他的研究结果就是所谓的“大册子"（BigBook）。这是一部对各种生产数字和生产预测的汇总册子，其中有关物品从坦克和防毒面具直至炮弹用的黄铜和军装用的棉花。就这样，对于美国打一场现代战争需要些什么军需品、需要用哪些材料才能制造这些物品，以及生产这些物品需要多少成本（大约500亿美元）的问题，克努森和其他人第一次有了一幅全面的综合图像。

书籍介绍

SELECTED BY THE ECONOMIST AS ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR

Remarkable as it may seem today, there once was a time when the president of the United States could pick up the phone and ask the president of General Motors to resign his position and take the reins of a great national enterprise. And the CEO would oblige, no questions asked, because it was his patriotic duty.

In Freedom’s Forge, bestselling author Arthur Herman takes us back to that time, revealing how two extraordinary American businessmen—automobile magnate William Knudsen and shipbuilder Henry J. Kaiser—helped corral, cajole, and inspire business leaders across the country to mobilize the “arsenal of democracy” that propelled the Allies to victory in World War II.

“Knudsen? I want to see you in Washington. I want you to work on some production matters.” With those words, President Franklin D. Roosevelt enlisted “Big Bill” Knudsen, a Danish immigrant who had risen through the ranks of the auto industry to become president of General Motors, to drop his plans for market domination and join the U.S. Army. Commissioned a lieutenant general, Knudsen assembled a crack team of industrial innovators, persuading them one by one to leave their lucrative private sector positions and join him in Washington, D.C. Dubbed the “dollar-a-year men,” these dedicated patriots quickly took charge of America’s moribund war production effort.

Henry J. Kaiser was a maverick California industrialist famed for his innovative business techniques and his can-do management style. He, too, joined the cause. His Liberty ships became World War II icons—and the Kaiser name became so admired that FDR briefly considered making him his vice president in 1944. Together, Knudsen and Kaiser created a wartime production behemoth. Drafting top talent from companies like Chrysler, Republic Steel, Boeing, Lockheed, GE, and Frigidaire, they turned auto plants into aircraft factories and civilian assembly lines into fountains of munitions, giving Americans fighting in Europe and Asia the tools they needed to defeat the Axis. In four short years they transformed America’s army from a hollow shell into a truly global force, laying the foundations for a new industrial America—and for the country’s rise as an economic as well as military superpower.

Featuring behind-the-scenes portraits of FDR, George Marshall, Henry Stimson, Harry Hopkins, Jimmy Doolittle, and Curtis LeMay, as well as scores of largely forgotten heroes and heroines of the wartime industrial effort, Freedom’s Forge is the American story writ large. It vividly re-creates American industry’s finest hour, when the nation’s business elites put aside their pursuit of profits and set about saving the world.

Praise for Freedom’s Forge

“A rambunctious book that is itself alive with the animal spirits of the marketplace.”— The Wall Street Journal

“A rarely told industrial saga, rich with particulars of the growing pains and eventual triumphs of American industry . . . Arthur Herman has set out to right an injustice: the loss, down history’s memory hole, of the epic achievements of American business in helping the United States and its allies win World War II.”— The New York Times Book Review

“Magnificent . . . It’s not often that a historian comes up with a fresh approach to an absolutely critical element of the Allied victory in World War II, but Pulitzer finalist Herman . . . has done just that.”— Kirkus Reviews (starred review)

From the Hardcover edition.